Frequently Asked Questions

• Why would I want to plug a car in?
• Isn't an electric car simply trading a tailpipe for a smokestack?
• Will plugging in cars lead to building more coal and nuclear power plants?
• Is plugging in an inconvenient chore?
• Are fully electric cars impractical?
• What is a plug-in hybrid (PHEV)?
• If I were to drive a plug-in hybrid (PHEV), how much would my gas mileage improve?
• Are the batteries ready?
• Can I charge a plug-in car with solar or wind power?
• Are plug-in vehicles dependable?
• What happens when the batteries run out of power?
• How long does it take to fully charge a plug-in hybrid or electric car?
• How often do you have to replace the batteries?
• What about the chemicals in the batteries?
• Isn't hydrogen the solution?
• How viable are hydrogen cars?
• Are electric cars inefficient?
• How much does it cost to charge a plug-in vehicle?
• Are conventional hybrids better?
• Where can I get an plug-in car?
• Where do you recharge a plug-in vehicle?
• Why not put a wind turbine and/or solar panels on an EV?
• Aren't electric vehicles so quiet as to be a hazard to the blind?
• Hybrid Car Analysis

Q: Why would I want to plug a car in?
A: Plugging in to tap renewable electricity such as solar, wind, tidal or other, allows you to drive without contributing to the pollution that sickens and kills hundreds of thousands of Americans every year, providing you with virtually pollution-free driving. Electricity is much cheaper than gas (~a third of the current cost of gas) and allows you to opt out of giving your money to oil companies, the politicians they support and the middle eastern tyrants. It allows you to drive silently so that you don't contribute to the din of thousands of internal combustion engines moving throughout your community. It allows you to drive without participating in wars over oil.

Q: Isn't an electric car simply trading a tailpipe for a smokestack? What about pollution from the power plants? Read the emissions summary
A: Electric cars that run on renewable wind or solar power eliminate emissions. But even today, with 50% of U.S. power coming from dirty coal plants, plug-in cars still reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and most other pollutants compared with either conventional gasoline cars or hybrids, because so much of it comes out of tailpipes.

EVs also allow you to use 100% clean renewable electricity from sources such as the sun or wind. In addition, EVs get cleaner as the electrical grid gets cleaner. Gas cars only get dirtier as they age. We support replacing all “fossil-fuel” electricity generation with clean and renewable generating methods. Read the summary of more than 30 studies, analyses, and presentations on this topic.

Read more in Electricity for Cars.

Q: Will plugging in cars lead to building more coal and nuclear power plants?
A: Although Plug In America favors more use of electricity for transportation, we won't need additional generating capacity for this for decades to come. During that time we can shift to cleaner, renewable power options that cause less environmental harm than fossil fuels and nuclear plants.

The existing electrical grid's off-peak capacity for power generation is sufficient to power 84% of commutes to and from work by cars, light trucks and SUVs without building a single new power plant if people drive plug-in hybrids, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. In addition, the existing nighttime electricity can be stored in plug-in vehicles and retrieved during peak-demand hours through vehicle-to-grid technology for use by the grid, helping to meet society's daytime power needs.

New power generation facilities should focus on clean, renewable sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power. Combine these with the institution of energy efficiency measures throughout society, and we can meet the targets needed to avoid the worst effects of global warming without resorting to more coal or nuclear plants, according to the 2007 report Tackling Climate Change ( www.ases.org).

Q: Is plugging in an inconvenient chore?
A: Not at all. Plugging in literally takes less than 5 seconds of your time. There is no going out of your way to a gas station and jockeying for a pump. You can charge anywhere there is an electric outlet.

Q: Are fully electric cars impractical?
A: Not at all. EVs with a 150-mile range could be built and sold in quantity at a profit today for $25,000. Ranges exceeding 300 miles on a charge exist today, but with the cost of batteries as high as they are, it is impractical for most cars at this point. Most people, when educated as to the benefits of driving with electricity, will be well served by a car with a range of 100-180 miles. Well over 90% of daily driving is well under 100 miles. Any long distance driving can be done with a second car that is a plug-in hybrid (PHEV), or by renting or borrowing a PHEV.

Q: What is a plug-in hybrid (PHEV) and why do you support that technology over vehicles that run on biodiesel or ethanol?
A: A plug-in hybrid (PHEV) is like any normal hybrid, but with two important differences. It has a larger battery capacity and is able to plug in to the electrical grid to charge the batteries. Instead of a battery with a capacity of about 1 kWh of power like an ordinary hybrid, these batteries will have a capacity of 9-10 kWh of power. This will enable the PHEV to drive like a fully electric vehicle for up to 40 miles before the gas engine kicks in.

We support any clean fuel that is not oil. However, it is clear that electricity is the cleanest, cheapest and a ubiquitous source of domestic energy for moving cars and trucks. We understand the need for multiple sources of energy to replace the oil we use, so all alternatives will have their place as we transition away from oil.

Q: If I were to drive a plug-in hybrid (PHEV), how much would my gas mileage improve?
A: Your gas mileage could improve to several hundred miles per gallon, plus electricity. If you had a PHEV with a 40-mile range in EV mode, and you rarely drove over 40 miles without charging, then you would almost never need gas. Most people will find that if they have an EV with 150 miles of range, they would not need another vehicle for any of their daily driving. For longer trips, you could rent or borrow a PHEV. For families with two vehicles, one would be an EV, and the other a PHEV. For those families, they would only need gas when they drove over 40 miles in a day.

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p>Q: Are the batteries ready?
A:Yes. According to EPRI, �battery durability testing sponsored jointly by EPRI and Southern California Edison demonstrate that current lithium-ion batteries are likely to retain sufficient capacity for more than 3000 dynamic deep-discharge cycles�about 10-12 years of typical driving.� The excuse �the batteries aren�t ready� has been used frequently because it is convenient, and few people bother to check. The current absence of plug-in vehicles from America�s showrooms has been conveniently blamed on the batteries. In reality, existing, proven NiMH batteries, such as found in hybrids and older EVs could easily power new EVs and PHEVs. However, automakers would like to switch from NiMH to Li-Ion batteries, because they are lighter, smaller, and potentially cheaper. Common Li-Ion batteries (Lithium-Cobalt), such as found in cell phones and laptops have lifetime and safety issues, which allowed the automakers to claim lack of readiness. However, other Li-Ion chemistries have existed for some time, so this claim was not accurate. For example, Lithium-Iron-Phosphate batteries are inherently safe and will last the lifetime of a vehicle. Also, the issues with Lithium-Cobalt batteries can be solved with the addition of other elements such as nickel and manganese. For example, Sanyo uses a mixture of Ni, Mn, and Co for the positive electrode, thereby producing a safer battery that exhibits power retention ratio of 80% or higher after 10,000 cycles (10-15 years in a hybrid vehicle).

Q: Can I charge a plug-in car with solar or wind power?
A: Yes. The cleaner the power the cleaner the car. Using solar PV or wind power at your home or business makes even more sense with a plug-in car. The investment pays off faster, and the car becomes truly zero-emission. EVs typically can travel 3-4 miles (or more) per kWh. If you drive 12,000 miles per year, you will need 3,000-4,000 kWh. Depending on where you live, you will need a 1.5kW-3kW PV system to generate that much power using about 150-300 sq. ft. of space on your roof. In fact, many EV drivers recharge their cars from rooftop solar panels today, generating virtually no pollution for their local driving.

Q: Are plug-in vehicles dependable?
A: Battery Electric Vehicles are the most dependable vehicles made. Well made production EVs have the potential to last as long or longer than gasoline automobiles, with less regular maintenance. There are many fewer moving parts in an EV, and therefore less ongoing preventative maintenance. Brake life is significantly extended since the motor is used to slow the car, recapturing the kinetic energy and storing it back in the battery. While replacement batteries may be required during the life of an EV, newer battery chemistries are demonstrating very long lives.

Q: What happens when the batteries run out of power?
A: You charge them back up. When EVs and PHEVs are commonplace, charging stations will be everywhere. Restaurants, grocery stores and other retail establishments will offer free or low cost charging as enticements to get customers. Parking meters will be charging stations where you will plug in, swipe a card, and when you unplug, your account will be debited with the energy used and the time at the meter. Of course, anyone with access to a plug at home will charge there over night when cheap surplus power is readily available. Studies indicate 80% of Americans have ready access to plugs where they park at night.

PHEVs, of course, will not need to be charged since their internal combustion engine will allow virtually unlimited range for long trips. However, to minimize pollution, cost and other ills associated with the use of oil, one would do well to plug in whenever possible to maximize the use of the electric grid, hopefully sourced with renewable electricity.

Q: How long does it take to fully charge a plug-in hybrid or electric car?
A: It would depend on the amperage of the charging system. From an ordinary 120V socket, you would need overnight to charge a battery EV fully. With a fast charger, you could fully charge in 5-10 minutes. A plug-in hybrid could fully charge in 6-9 hours from an ordinary outlet.

Q: How often do you have to replace the batteries?
A: Nickel Metal Hydride batteries (NiMH) are proving to be very long lived. Several electric cars with over 130,000 miles have been reported with virtually no range degradation. Estimates of 150,000 - 200,000 miles are predicted. Lithium Ion (LiIon) is thought by most experts to be the chemistry that will supplant NiMH. The testing of battery life is continuing, but it's too early to tell how long LiIon will last.
See a Treehugger article, and what Tesla says about battery recycling.

Q: Aren't all those batteries full of toxic chemicals and precious metals that will just end up in a landfill?
A: Not at all. Every car in the world has a lead-acid battery, the most toxic metal used for batteries. Even with its low value as scrap, the recycling rate for lead-acid batteries is about 98% in the U.S. EVs will use newer chemistries such as NiMH and LiIon. Both of these metals are inherently more valuable than lead, and since the batteries are quite large, the value of the spent battery packs will be such that the recycling rate will approach 100%. It is illegal to dispose of these batteries in a landfill and their value will ensure that is not their fate. Nickel, while mildly toxic, will be reclaimed during the recycling process. Lithium is even less toxic and more valuable than nickel.

Q: Isn't hydrogen the solution?
A: No. Hydrogen fuel cell cars are 4X less efficient than battery EVs if the hydrogen is produced from electricity. It's 1.4X less efficient if made from natural gas. Where and how will the hydrogen be stored? Who will pay the billions required for this new infrastructure? (Hint - us taxpayers.) With plug-in cars, the infrastructure is already in place - the electric grid.

Q: How viable are hydrogen cars? Many seem to think they are the "cars of the future".
A: There are two types of hydrogen cars. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are EVs, but instead of getting their electricity from batteries charged from the grid, they get their power from fuels cells using hydrogen as the energy carrier. FCVs use four times as much electricity on a per mile basis as a battery EV if the hydrogen is obtained through the process called electrolysis. So you would need four times the number of solar panels to go the same distance as you would in a battery EV. Hydrogen obtained through reformation of hydrocarbon fuels releases massive quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere, and even that dirty process uses more energy than merely charging a battery. FCVs have many seriously difficult and expensive engineering challenges to solve before they will ever be widely available, and even then, the energy required per mile will probably still be substantially higher than with battery EVs.

Internal combustion engines (ICE) can be made to burn hydrogen instead of gasoline. Even these fairly simple conversions are expensive, and the energy required is again, much higher per mile than with EVs. In addition, ICE burning hydrogen (H2) cars still have some emissions albeit low but they cannot be considered ZEVs, not even taking into consideration how one gets the hydrogen.

The bottom line is that there is no advantage to using FCVs or H2 ICE technologies over battery EVs. Read more: Lisa Zyga - Physorg.com | Ulf Bossel - European Union Fuel Cell Forum

Q: Are electric cars inefficient?
A: EVs are the most efficient cars on the road:
Toyota RAV4 EV: 887 BTU/mile
Toyota Prius: 2250 BTU/mile
Toyota RAV4 Gas: 4423 BTU/mile
RAV4 EV rated 112 MPG equivalent.
http://fueleconomy.gov/feg/byfuel/byfueltypeNF.shtml

Q: How much does it cost to charge a plug-in vehicle?
A: This will vary depending on the vehicle and electricity rates. On average, it will be less than $1 to charge a plug-in hybrid and $2-4 for an all-electric car. Your energy bill will be less overall by driving with electricity. EVs are so efficient that the cost, per mile driven, is significantly less than a gasoline-powered car. For instance, a 2002 Toyota RAV4 will travel 100 miles on 4 gallons of gasoline. At $2.50/gallon, this is $10.00. A 2002 Toyota RAV4 EV will travel 100 miles on 30 kWh of electricity. At 10 cents per kWh, this is $3.00.

Q: Are conventional hybrids better?
A: Maybe for some people. But most people have access already to electricity. And electricity is cleaner, cheaper and domestic.

Q: Where can I get an plug in car if I can't afford a Tesla or a conversion?
A: Unfortunately, major automakers have not started selling plug-in vehicles yet. Luckily, almost all of them are working on some type of plug-in. Visit our contact automakers page and let your favorite car company know that you want to plug your car in. Tell them "No Plug, No Deal" and don't purchase a car until it can be plugged in. You can also visit EVFinder.com to buy used EVs and conversions.

Q: Where do you recharge a plug-in vehicle?
A:Most people recharge in their own garage overnight, but there are public chargers for electric cars as well in parking garages and shopping centers. See www.evchargernews.com to find public chargers in your area.

Q: Why not put solar panels or wind turbines on an EV?
A:Putting solar photovoltaics directly on EVs is nice but not adequate. Most solar panels would add too much weight to an EV to be worthwhile. Some newer, lighter, flexible PV technology could generate power for interior climate control or minor tasks, but not enough to power a car a significant distance. Gotta have that plug.

Windmills on EVs don't make sense. The drag they create reduces efficiency, necessitating more energy to run the car. Read More.

Q: Aren't electric vehicles so quiet as to be a hazard to the blind?
A:Electric vehicles are most certainly not silent. At parking lot speeds they make as much noise via various fans, pumps, and tire noise as most modern ICE vehicles. At high speeds the wind and tire noise is comparable to any car. And like so many other issues surrounding the EV, this "problem" was addressed years ago. The EV1 had a back-up warning, as well as a pedestrian alert that could be volunteered by the driver when needed.

Adding an additional constant noise to the cars would only serve to increase ambient noise levels, subsequently lowering individual awareness. By making all cars quiet, we would be safer than by making quiet cars louder. Ultimately it's the driver's responsibility to operate any vehicle safely.